Authors: Arne Heise ¹

• 1 Universität Hamburg = University of Hamburg [UHH]

The effort to pluralise economics requires informed choices about paradigms, understanding their features and affiliations. Theories must be compared based on their paradigmatic localisation. A hermeneutic analysis challenges the view that Keynes, Kalecki, and Minsky share a unified Post Keynesian paradigm. Kalecki's closed system contrasts with Keynes's open system, suggesting Kalecki may align more with new-Keynesian models. Minsky, however, shares Keynes's open system ontology. This indicates that 'Post Keynesianism' may misleadingly suggest coherence where significant differences exist.